SCIENCE International Journal Vol. 5. Issue 2 / 2026 Indexed in ERIH + http://kanalregister.hkdir.no/publiseringskanaler/erihplus/periodical/info?id=505595 Distinguished teachers, scientists and researchers in the field of We are pleased to inform you that the procedure for applying for your scientific and research papers in the field of social sciences (sociology, economy, law, politics, demography, security, education, humanities) for the SCIENCE IJ Vol. 5 No.2. 2026, has started. The purpose of this publishing venture is to persevere the continuity and raise the quality of the work so far, in order for SCIENCE IJ to be included in the SCOPUS or WOS list as soon as possible. From now on we offer a new opportunity to do so in SCIENCE IJ, where papers will be published in English only. Important: One author can publish only 1 paper per issue The deadlines are as follows: - 30. 04. 2026- abstract submission deadline - 06. 05. 2026 till 12.00 AM- full paper submission deadline More info... Abstract template
HUMAN RESOURCES IN THE MEDIA: CONTINUOUS EDUCATION AS A KEY TO CONTEMPORARY BUSINESS
The rapidly growing media industry operates under conditions of constant and dynamic change within a highly competitive environment, which constitutes a key prerequisite for its survival and further development. In this context, organizations are increasingly focusing on strategic human resource management, particularly in the areas of recruitment and retention of qualified personnel, as well as on enhancing overall employee productivity. Changes in the contemporary world of work, driven by the development of new technologies, tools, and methodologies, render continuous learning a necessity, as relevant skills quickly lose their currency. At the same time, the achievement of organizational goals requires a workforce capable of adapting to market changes, with human resources management playing a crucial role in anticipating competency gaps and planning training activities. Moreover, continuous education contributes to attracting and retaining talent, as modern employees increasingly value opportunities for professional development and career advancement. Primary research was conducted to examine the extent to which institutional practices of education and professional development in media organizations contribute to the development of employees’ professional competencies, their adaptability to contemporary professional demands, and their alignment with strategic objectives and professional standards. The research sample was based on purposive sampling and included employees of media organizations in the Republic of Serbia (n = 274). Data were collected between December 2025 and January 2026. The findings demonstrate that continuous education has a dual effect in the media sector: it increases employee motivation and strengthens the capacity of media organizations to adapt to market changes, which has significant implications for strategic human resource management in contemporary media.
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THE PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN SERBIA ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE – A CASE STUDY
Although there is rising public awareness and discussion about climate change, which is primarily caused by human production and consumption habits, there is a noticeable lack of study on the attitudes and behaviors of young people toward climate change in the Serbian social environment. Despite the fact that young people are the future of every society and the carriers of progress, their understanding and opinions about climate change and pro-environmental conduct, such as minimizing the detrimental effects of humans on the environment, have not been clearly examined in detail. The focus of this study was on analyzing the correlation between young people's understanding of climate change and their conduct in Serbia, specifically in terms of reducing their detrimental effects on the environment. The survey, which was a component of the "Youth and Climate Change" initiative, served as the foundation for the research. With the intention of learning about the attitudes and opinions of students at the Faculty of Occupational Safety in Niš regarding climate change, we conducted a survey to determine the behaviors they are willing to take in order to help mitigate the effects of climate change on Serbian society.
THE REAL OF AGING AND THE “NOT-ALL” OF WOMAN: A LACANIAN READING OF BABA YAGA LAID AN EGG
This article offers a sustained Lacanian reading of Baba Yaga Laid an Egg (2009; Eng. trans. 2010) by Dubravka Ugrešić, arguing that the novel stages aging femininity as an encounter with the Real and reconfigures the Slavic myth of Baba Yaga as a figure of feminine jouissance beyond phallic signification. Drawing on the psychoanalytic theory of Jacques Lacan - particularly the mirror stage, the tripartite registers (Imaginary, Symbolic, Real), sexual difference, the “not-all” (pas-toute), and jouissance - this study demonstrates how Ugrešić’s tripartite narrative structure formally enacts the split subject. The novel’s representation of the aging female body, grotesque corporeality, and maternal ambivalence reveals the instability of identity and the failure of the Symbolic order to provide signifiers for elderly womanhood outside ridicule or invisibility. Engaging recent scholarship (2021–2026) on aging, gender, and Lacanian theory, this article situates Ugrešić within post-socialist literary discourse and contemporary feminist psychoanalysis. Ultimately, Baba Yaga Laid an Egg reclaims the monstrous feminine as a site of excess rather than lack, exposing the Real of female jouissance as that which resists symbolic domestication.
RESILIENCE OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AS A NATIONAL SECURITY FACTOR: STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF ITS PERFORMANCE IN A CURRENT HYBRID ENVIRONMENT
The contemporary hybrid security environment positions critical infrastructure as both a strategic asset and a potential vulnerability for national security. The growing interdependence among infrastructure sectors increases the risk of systemic disruptions with broad social and economic consequences. Evidence from recent armed conflicts, including the war in Ukraine, confirms the significance of infrastructure facilities as targets of combined and hybrid operations. The aim of the present study is to assess the level of awareness among students at the Rakovski National Defence College regarding the resilience of critical infrastructure and its impact on national security. The research employs a qualitative design based on semi-structured questionnaires administered to a sample of 23 participants. The analysis focuses on determining the level of knowledge, the assessment of the condition and functioning of national infrastructure systems, as well as perceived risks and vulnerabilities. The findings indicate a relatively high level of awareness concerning the strategic importance of infrastructure systems, while also identifying deficiencies related to resilience assessment and interinstitutional coordination. On this basis, recommendations are formulated to enhance education and professional training, and to strengthen the integrated civil-military approach to risk management. The resilience of critical infrastructure is conceptualized as a dynamic process requiring systematic prevention, protection, and recovery measures in the context of hybrid threats. The results of the study indicate that Bulgaria's national critical infrastructure has clear regulatory frameworks and certain protective mechanisms in place, but practical effectiveness remains limited. The main challenges are related to the human factor, inter-agency coordination, preparedness, and vulnerability to hybrid and multi-domain threats. The international environment and regional conflicts significantly increase these risks. An integrated approach is required, including updating regulatory documents, enhancing technical and cyber protection, conducting regular exercises, facilitating information sharing, and promoting cross-sector cooperation, in order to ensure the resilience of critical infrastructure and the security of the state.
POLAND IN THE CONCEPT OF EXTENDED DETERRENCE: FROM THE SOLIDARITY MOVEMENT TO THE UKRAINIAN CONFLICT
This paper examines Poland's experience with extended deterrence across two pivotal historical junctures: the Solidarity Movement crisis (1980 - 1981) and the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian conflict (2022 - present). The analysis applies a comparative historical method supported by primary sources including declassified CIA documents and Politburo transcripts, alongside secondary academic literature and quantitative defense data. Poland's geopolitical position, shaped by centuries of partition, Soviet domination, and the trauma of the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact, has produced a security culture defined by acute vulnerability and deep-seated reliance on external guarantors. During the Solidarity crisis, the Carter and Reagan administrations pursued a proactive deterrence strategy through explicit threats of sanctions, material support for the opposition, coordination with NATO allies, and exploitation of the Sino-Soviet rivalry. While the strategy successfully prevented direct Soviet military intervention, it failed to prevent the imposition of martial law in December 1981. Nevertheless, Solidarity's underground survival, sustained by continued Western support, ultimately contributed to Poland's democratic transition and the broader collapse of the Eastern Bloc. In the context of the Ukrainian conflict, Poland has evolved from a passive object of geopolitical competition into an assertive security actor, dramatically increasing its defense budget to over 3% of GDP, providing substantial military assistance to Ukraine, deepening U.S. military presence on its territory, and actively pursuing NATO nuclear sharing arrangements. The paper identifies strong strategic continuity in Poland's transatlantic orientation across both periods, while also identifying key limitations: excessive dependence on an external guarantor creates moral hazard, and intensified militarization risks deepening the security dilemma with Russia.
TOWARDS ESTABLISHING THE AUXILIARY POLICE IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
Ensuring public safety is a fundamental task of the police. To carry out certain police duties, in addition to engaging the regular (professional) police force, it is often necessary to engage a larger (additional) number of personnel and resources. The nature and scale of contemporary security challenges, risks, and threats require that, alongside the police, other social actors — including citizens — take on a more active role in ensuring both their own safety and the safety of others. One of the mechanisms for achieving this is the establishment or existence of a reserve or auxiliary police force. The experiences of certain countries show that there are various models or forms of auxiliary police, which differ primarily in their purpose, role, and degree of integration within the overall police system. In the Republic of Serbia, in addition to the police, other actors also participate in maintaining public safety — such as the municipal police (a specialized body established within certain units of local self-government) and private security services. One possibility that includes the involvement of citizens in carrying out certain police tasks is their engagement through the auxiliary police, which may be formed in accordance with the Law on Police from 2016. The concept of auxiliary police is a kind of successor to the institution of the so-called reserve police force, which was regulated by the Law on Internal Affairs from 1991. After that law ceased to be in force, the formation of the auxiliary police was initially governed by the Law on Police from 2005, and later by the aforementioned 2016 Law. The detailed conditions for the formation of the auxiliary police were regulated by specific regulations adopted pursuant to these laws. Currently, within the legal framework of the Republic of Serbia, there is no regulation that would regulate in more detail the establishment of an auxiliary police force, and therefore, no such force exists at present. In this context, the paper will include a critical analysis of the aforementioned regulations, with the aim of proposing certain de lege ferenda solutions that would create the legal basis for the formation of an auxiliary police force.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF JOB POSITIONS IN IT COMPANIES DURING THE RECRUITMENT PROCESS
In the context of accelerated technological development and digital transformation, the information technology sector faces increasing competition for highly qualified professionals. Attracting and retaining talent has become one of the key challenges for IT companies, which has led to growing interest in the factors influencing job attractiveness during the recruitment process. The aim of this study is to identify and systematise the main determinants of job attractiveness in the IT sector through a comprehensive review of contemporary academic literature. The paper is based on an analysis of relevant international studies published between 2020 and 2025, focusing on recruitment, employer branding, digitalisation of hiring processes, talent management, and employee satisfaction. A review-based methodological approach was applied to identify dominant research trends and methodological patterns. The results indicate that job attractiveness represents a multidimensional construct encompassing financial incentives, career development opportunities, working conditions, organisational culture, work flexibility, employer reputation, and work–life balance. The reviewed studies confirm that although salary and material benefits remain important motivational factors, modern job seekers increasingly value non-financial aspects of employment, such as working environment, professional growth, and interpersonal relationships. Employer branding plays a particularly significant role by integrating various dimensions of attractiveness and shaping organisational image in the labour market. The findings suggest that successful talent attraction in the IT sector requires a holistic approach to human resource management, integrating financial, organisational, and technological strategies. This study provides theoretical and practical insights that may support managers and HR professionals in improving recruitment practices and developing sustainable talent attraction and retention strategies.
MILITARY LOGISTICS, FISCAL CAPACITY AND INSTITUTIONAL EFFICIENCY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF IMPERIAL DEFENCE BURDENS IN MACEDONIA (MACEDONIAN, ROMAN, BYZANTINE AND OTTOMAN EMPIRES)
This study examines the relationship between military logistics, fiscal capacity, and imperial defence burdens through a comparative analysis of four major empires that governed the territory of Macedonia: the Macedonian Empire under Philip II and Alexander III, the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. The research challenges the conventional assumption that a higher percentage of economic output allocated to military purposes necessarily corresponds to greater military power or long-term state stability. The central hypothesis advanced in this paper is that imperial military strength and political durability were not primarily determined by the proportion of GDP devoted to defence, but rather by the degree of institutional coordination, fiscal mobilization capacity, and logistical efficiency embedded within the governing structure of each empire. Given the absence of continuous and directly measurable GDP data for ancient and medieval societies, the study adopts a methodologically cautious framework that distinguishes between reconstructed economic output, documented state revenues, and military expenditure as a share of public budgets. The research relies on comparative historical analysis, secondary quantitative reconstructions from economic historians, fiscal documentation where available, and institutional-military literature. Particular attention is given to differentiating between military expenditure as a share of total state revenue and its estimated share of reconstructed GDP, thereby avoiding false statistical precision in premodern contexts. The analysis demonstrates that although the military sector constituted the dominant component of public expenditure in all four empires, their logistical architectures and fiscal integration mechanisms differed substantially. Macedonian military expansion relied on high mobility, minimal logistical encumbrance, and resource extraction through conquest. Roman defence was sustained through institutionalized provisioning systems (annona militaris), standardized infrastructure, and integrated fiscal administration. Byzantine military organization combined decentralized thematic land grants with centralized reserves and advanced communication networks. The Ottoman system initially achieved cost-efficient military mobilization through the timar structure before gradually shifting toward centralized and fiscally heavier models of modernization. The findings indicate that imperial sustainability correlated more strongly with institutional-logistical coherence and adaptive fiscal structures than with the absolute magnitude of military expenditure. Empires in which military systems exceeded the adaptive capacity of fiscal and administrative institutions experienced structural vulnerability, regardless of the percentage of economic output allocated to defence. The study contributes to fiscal-military state theory and imperial political economy by proposing an Institutional-Logistical Efficiency perspective for evaluating premodern defence burdens within a historically grounded analytical framework.
IDENTIFICATION OF LEARNING MOTIVES IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
The formation of learning motives in preschool age is a key factor for children’s successful adaptation to school education. Learning motivation during this developmental period has a significant impact on the development of cognitive activity, self-regulation, and attitudes toward learning activities. The present study is aimed at analyzing the leading learning motives among preschool children and examining their specific characteristics with respect to gender differences. The study was conducted with a sample of 30 children aged 5–6 years, using M. Ginzburg’s methodology for diagnosing learning motivation. This diagnostic tool makes it possible to identify various types of learning motives—cognitive, social, positional, play-related, and external—as well as the degree of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The results indicate that the leading learning motive among the examined group of children is the cognitive motive (36.7%), which can be regarded as a significant and positive indicator of adequate school readiness. A predominance of mixed motivation (40%) was also identified, creating favorable conditions for the development of an active learning position, self-regulation, and a stable positive attitude toward learning activities. Gender-based analysis reveals that girls are characterized by more strongly expressed intrinsic and socially oriented learning motives, whereas boys more clearly exhibit positional, play-related, and external motives. The obtained results confirm the importance of cognitive motivation as a foundation for successful school readiness in preschool age. The predominance of intrinsic and mixed motivation may be considered a positive indicator of children’s future learning engagement. The observed differences between girls and boys in the structure of learning motives highlight the need for differentiated pedagogical approaches that take into account developmental characteristics and preferred forms of activity.
TERMINOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN POST-VESALIAN ANATOMY: GABRIELE FALLOPPIO'S OBSERVATIONES ANATOMICAE (1561)
Gabriele Falloppio (1523–1562), a renowned anatomist of the post-Vesalius generation, played a key role in the formation and development of Latin anatomical terminology in the mid-16th century. This study focuses on G. Falloppio's contribution to terminology, based mainly on his major work Observationes anatomicae (1561), which is a kind of continuation of the process of standardization of terminology begun with Vesalius' Fabrica (1543). Through linguistic analysis of the original Latin text and a comparative methodological approach, the study describes specific terminological contributions in three main areas: the reproductive system (the uterine tube, tuba uterina), the anatomy of the ear (including the malleus and incus), and myology (extraocular muscles). The results clearly show that Fallopius not only corrected statements in Vesalius' descriptions, but also consistently supplemented and refined Vesalius' nomenclature, thus contributing to the stabilization of anatomical terminology in areas where there were gaps or inaccuracies in earlier descriptions. The study identifies three models of terminological contribution: (1) the introduction of new terms for previously undescribed structures (the uterine tube), (2) the conversion of Vesalius' descriptive metaphors into stable nomenclature (malleus, incus), and (3) the correction of anatomical inaccuracies through more precise classification (extraocular muscles). By standardizing descriptive metaphors into strict terms, Falloppio sought to show how precise nomenclature could function as a conceptual tool for clearer anatomical knowledge. His contribution is an example of the scientific thinking characteristic of that time: a critical but respectful building on earlier authorities, which marked a new stage in the development and refinement of anatomical Latin terminology after Vesalius' revolution.
LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY AS THE KEY TO UNLOCKING GLOBAL BUSINESS SUCCESS
In international trade, language proficiency has increasingly been recognised as an important asset that facilitates global business success. This article analyses the significance of linguistic competence across multiple dimensions of international business, including communication, negotiation, and the establishment of sustainable, trust-based relationships. In competitive, culturally diverse markets, fluency in foreign languages enables firms to reduce misunderstandings, increase clarity in complex interactions, and strengthen cooperation with international partners. The article focuses on the effect of language proficiency on international negotiations. Research demonstrates that negotiators with a strong command of their counterparts’ language are more likely to achieve advantageous outcomes, such as improved contractual terms, expedited agreements, and reduced conflict. Language fluency enhances the interpretation of subtle meanings, cultural nuances, and nonverbal signals, thereby increasing credibility and mutual understanding. These theoretical perspectives are supported by case studies that illustrate how linguistic competence contributes to advantageous deals, smoother negotiations, and robust long-term partnerships. The paper also presents findings from an empirical study involving 63 employees from 12 Serbian export-oriented companies across multiple sectors. The research examines the frequency and context of foreign-language use, the availability of corporate language training, and employees’ perceptions of how language skills affect international business performance. Findings show that foreign language proficiency, particularly in English, is critical for international communication, negotiation, and customer relationship management, while systematic investment in language training remains inconsistent. The study emphasises the strategic value of language proficiency in driving export success and international competitiveness, offering practical implications for managers, educators, and policymakers. By encouraging trust and cultural understanding, language proficiency supports business relationships that extend beyond transactional exchanges and underpin enduring international partnerships. Organizations that invest in employees' linguistic competence gain a competitive advantage by accessing new markets and leveraging emerging business opportunities.
ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE AS A FRAMEWORK FOR LONG-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABLE WELL-BEING: A REVIEW
Ecological resilience has emerged as a central framework in contemporary environmental governance and sustainable development, particularly under accelerating climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressures. This review examines resilience as an emergent and multi-dimensional property of ecosystems and social–ecological systems, enabling the absorption of disturbances, adaptive responses, and the preservation of core functions essential for long-term environmental protection and human well-being. Drawing upon interdisciplinary literature, the paper synthesises key resilience mechanisms, including resistance, adaptability, recovery capacity, functional and genetic diversity, and the role of critical thresholds and hysteresis in system transformation. Particular attention is given to the interconnections between resilience, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and climate adaptation strategies, including ecosystem-based approaches, green infrastructure, and local ecological knowledge. The review further evaluates methodological challenges in resilience assessment and discusses contemporary analytical frameworks, such as the Vigor–Organization–Resilience model and indicators of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The findings underscore the necessity of integrated, multi-scalar governance strategies that align ecological integrity with sustainable development pathways. Ecological resilience is thus positioned as both a conceptual foundation and an operational principle for safeguarding environmental stability and intergenerational quality of life.
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CONTEMPORARY DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGIES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
The rapid development of digital technologies has significantly transformed contemporary marketing practices, placing artificial intelligence (AI) at the centre of strategic decision-making and customer engagement. This study aims to systematically review recent academic literature on the role of artificial intelligence in contemporary digital marketing strategies, with particular emphasis on personalisation, predictive analytics, marketing automation, and ethical implications. By synthesising empirical and theoretical evidence, the review seeks to provide an integrated understanding of how AI reshapes marketing processes and organisational performance. A systematic literature review methodology was employed, following established review protocols to ensure transparency and methodological rigour. Relevant studies published between 2022 and 2026 were identified through structured searches of the major academic database, Google Scholar. After applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, sixteen peer-reviewed articles were selected for qualitative content analysis and thematic synthesis. Both quantitative and qualitative research designs were considered, encompassing survey-based studies, machine learning applications, case analyses, and systematic reviews. The findings indicate that artificial intelligence significantly enhances digital marketing effectiveness by improving customer segmentation, personalisation, forecasting accuracy, and resource optimisation. Machine learning techniques, particularly clustering and ensemble learning, enable more precise targeting and campaign optimisation, while AI-powered automation supports real-time decision-making and customer interaction. However, the review also identifies persistent challenges related to data quality, model transparency, system integration, and ethical concerns, particularly regarding privacy and algorithmic bias. Overall, the study highlights that while artificial intelligence offers substantial strategic advantages, its long-term value depends on responsible implementation, organisational readiness, and effective governance structures. The review contributes to existing literature by consolidating current evidence and identifying research gaps, particularly in qualitative inquiry and cross-cultural analysis. These findings provide practical and theoretical insights for researchers and practitioners seeking to leverage AI for sustainable and competitive digital marketing.
ENHANCING KEY COMPETENCIES FOR THE EMPOWERMENT OF MEDIA LITERACY
Continuous development of knowledge, skills, and abilities that lead to the enhancement of media literacy results in an adequate perception of media discourse, the development of critical thinking, and significantly greater safety, especially in the virtual environment. This represents an indispensable resource that provides both individuals and society as a whole with the necessary knowledge and skills to identify, understand, and evaluate media content, thereby creating a platform for the participatory exercise of one of the fundamental human rights. In the contemporary era, educational institutions, from primary education to doctoral studies, should be recognized for their educational and practically applicable role in designing, creating, implementing, and evaluating media literacy educational programs. Such an approach, in subsequent iterations, implies their broader contextual and programmatic transformation to become more sensitive and flexible in response to the rapid changes in the media industry. Within this context, a primary study was conducted to examine how and to what extent students have developed key competencies during their higher education, how these competencies contribute to the development of media literacy, and how they can be improved and integrated into curricula. The research sample was purposively selected and consisted of students from two private universities in the Republic of Serbia (n=185). Data were collected from December 2025 to February 2026. The study established the importance of media literacy and critical thinking for accessing, analyzing, and evaluating media content in various contexts. It was demonstrated that media literacy is closely linked to the development of critical thinking, digital literacy, and ethical responsibility, and that the lack of development of key competencies can lead to uncritical acceptance of disseminated information and manipulation of public opinion.
PUBLIC FINANCE AND THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY IN SUPPORT OF THE SMART SPECIALISATION STRATEGY: FOCUS ON THE GREEN AND DIGITAL TRANSITION
This paper analyses the role of public finances and the international economy in supporting the implementation of the Smart Specialization Strategy of the Republic of North Macedonia for the period 2024–2027, with a particular focus on the green and digital transition. The main objective of the study is to examine how fiscal policy instruments, public investment, and international economic integration contribute to innovation-led and sustainable economic development. The methodology is based on qualitative policy analysis and comparative assessment, using official data from the Ministry of Education and Science, the Innovation Agency, and relevant European Union documents, complemented by academic literature in the fields of public finance and international economics. The results indicate that public finances play a key role in operationalizing the Smart Specialization Strategy through targeted budget allocations, innovation grants, and support for green and digital projects, while international economic integration enhances access to external funding, markets, and knowledge transfer. The findings further show that alignment with European Union policies significantly strengthens the effectiveness of national strategic interventions. The paper concludes that coherent coordination between fiscal policy, innovation support mechanisms, and international economic frameworks is essential for the successful implementation of the Smart Specialization Strategy. It is recommended that public financing for innovation be made more stable and predictable, that absorption of European Union funds be increased, and that international best practices be systematically integrated in order to accelerate the green and digital transition. Additional data used in the analysis include official budgetary information, innovation grant programs, and comparative indicators related to research, innovation, and sustainability in North Macedonia and the European Union.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN TEST ANXIETY AMONG LATE ADOLESCENTS: LEVELS AND COPING STRATEGIES
Anxiety during adolescence represents a significant psychological challenge, particularly in the context of increased academic demands and formal assessment situations. Previous research suggests that gender may play an important role in both the intensity and manifestation of anxiety; however, additional empirical evidence is needed within the context of secondary education. The aim of this study was to examine whether, and to what extent, gender differences exist in levels of generalized anxiety and test anxiety among late adolescents, as well as to identify gender as a potential predictor of test anxiety. The study was conducted as a cross-sectional survey on a sample of 112 final-year secondary school students (aged 18–19), evenly distributed by gender (56 males and 56 females), from three cities in the Republic of North Macedonia. The instruments used included the GAD-7 scale for measuring generalized anxiety and an adapted version of the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI), using Likert-type response formats. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests (with Welch’s correction), and point-biserial correlation analysis. The results indicated that male students predominantly exhibited normal to mild levels of generalized anxiety (M = 7.5), with no cases of severe anxiety, whereas female students showed significantly higher levels, with over 60% falling within the moderate category (M = 10.2). The gender difference was statistically significant with a medium effect size. Even more pronounced differences were observed in test anxiety, where 71% of female students reported high levels of anxiety, compared to predominantly low levels among male students. Statistical analysis revealed an exceptionally strong difference (t = –13.5; Cohen’s d ≈ 2.6). Furthermore, the point-biserial correlation (r = 0.79) confirmed that gender accounts for more than 60% of the variance in test anxiety.In conclusion, the findings provide strong empirical support for the general hypothesis that female students in late adolescence exhibit higher levels of both generalized anxiety and test anxiety. These results highlight the need for systematic, gender-sensitive interventions in secondary education, including early identification, psychoeducational programs, and adapted assessment strategies aimed at protecting students’ mental health. From a practical perspective, the findings underscore the need for a multilayered, gender-sensitive approach that integrates individual-level interventions (e.g., brief cognitive-behavioral techniques, relaxation and mindfulness), classroom practices, school-based mental health support, and family involvement. Implementing preventive and systemic strategies—such as formative assessment practices, teacher training, and early screening—may substantially reduce test anxiety and promote psychological well-being, particularly among female students in late adolescence.
NORMATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN MEDIA FREEDOM ACT
The European Media Freedom Act (EMFA) constitutes the first binding EU legal framework systematically dedicated to the protection of media freedom and media pluralism. It was adopted after a long period in which EU media regulation remained fragmented: audiovisual services were regulated mainly through the AVMSD, while major online intermediaries were addressed through the DSA/DMA framework. The EMFA shifts the focus from isolated sector rules to a common set of directly applicable standards that target the conditions in which media operate in the internal market. The paper first explains this regulatory background and the reasons why a single EU regulation became politically and legally plausible. It then offers a normative analysis of the EMFA’s main chapters, with attention to editorial independence, safeguards for journalists and sources, public service media standards, the new framework for regulatory cooperation, rules relevant for media market concentration, and the legal relationship between media service providers and VLOPs (very large online platforms). The analysis suggests that the EMFA introduces a new governance architecture and strengthens procedural guarantees at EU level, mainly through common standards and coordinated regulatory work. At the same time, many mechanisms still depend on national institutional arrangements and on the manner in which Member States apply and enforce the new rules. For that reason, the EMFA should be read as an important normative step, but not as a self-executing solution: its impact will largely be determined by implementation practice.
THE DIALOGUE AS A METHOD IN THE THEORY OF UPBRINGING: AN AUTHORIAL PSYCHODRAMATIC MODEL FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-PEDAGOGICAL SUPPORT OF PEDAGOGY STUDENTS THROUGH SYMBOLIC TRANSFORMATION OF FEARS
This paper presents a pedagogical model that integrates the principles of psychodrama and expressive arts therapy within the classical framework of the pedagogical dialogue. The study investigates the potential of symbolic transformation as a pedagogical mechanism for reducing anxiety and enhancing emotional resilience among pedagogy students. Developed by Dr. Avi Abner and grounded in the theory of upbringing, the model unites cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions of learning through creative expression and reflective interaction. It introduces a holistic process in which dialogue becomes a transformative medium for self-awareness, emotional regulation, and personal growth. The research was conducted at Burgas State University “Prof. Dr. Assen Zlatarov” with students of pedagogy and social pedagogy in part-time study programmes, who participated in a structured pedagogical experiment. The findings demonstrated a clear reduction in students’ anxiety levels and an increase in emotional stability and self-reflective competence. These results validate the pedagogical significance of dialogical and creative approaches in shaping future educators who can maintain psychological balance and empathy in professional contexts. The proposed model contributes to contemporary pedagogical theory by bridging the artistic, emotional, and cognitive dimensions of education. It redefines the pedagogical dialogue as both a diagnostic and transformative tool, enabling future teachers to internalize mechanisms of self-regulation and emotional resilience. The study affirms that the integration of psychodramatic and art-therapeutic principles into teacher education represents a valuable innovation in developing reflective, emotionally mature, and socially responsive professionals.
PREDICTORS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACCEPTANCE: FROM ATTITUDES TO BEHAVIOR ACROSS GENERATIONAL GROUPS
The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) raises questions about its acceptance across different generational groups, particularly in terms of trust, perceived risks, and actual use. This research, based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), analyzes how generations X, Y, and Z perceive the benefits and risks of AI, contributing to understanding the social implications of AI for ethical and sustainable development. The aim is to identify key predictors of AI acceptance across generational differences. The research was conducted via an online survey distributed via social media from September 1 to 10, 2025, among a convenience sample of 101 respondents from generations X (1965–1980, N=33), Y (1981–1996, N=34), and Z (1997–2012, N=34). The findings indicate the need for tailored educational strategies to increase trust in AI. Future research should examine longitudinal behavioral outcomes and interactions of TAM variables.
THE DIGITAL MINISTRY IN THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA – POLITICAL CONTROVERSIES AND ECONOMIC MOTIVES
The unusual announcement by Albanian Prime Minister Edi Rama regarding the establishment of an executive branch featuring an “artificial minister” soon became official with the formation of Albania’s new government in September 2025. This visionary idea inspired research into the socio-economic rationale, legal-technical feasibility, and political implications of a virtual form of governance. The development dynamics of advanced generations of artificial intelligence should not be ignored; rather, they should be analyzed as products of imaginative engineering. The main intention of the authors of this paper is focused on evaluating both the initial motivations for starting the process of digitizing public administration in the Republic of Albania and the rational elements of political resistance to the implementation of these innovations, taking into account, above all, the complex normative assumptions of its unhindered existence in legal life. The methodological framework of this paper begins with a dogmatic-normative analysis of the initial case and subsequently applies axiological and sociological research instruments. Through a joint effort, the authors explore the potential prospects of such technological intervention in the sphere of state administration, assuming that the idea of an automated government might one day become reality. A retrospective glance at the late 20th and early 21st centuries, marked by the rapid growth of modern technologies, reminds us that societies must be prepared for the challenges these innovations bring. The complacent expectation that such a future lies far ahead - and therefore merits little attention - reflects a broader unwillingness to face change and a latent fear of the unknown.
DIGITAL LITERACY AS A FUNCTION OF SAFETY AND PROTECTION OF CHILDREN IN EDUCATION
In this paper, based on the review of the latest literature and research conducted in practice, the possibilities of applying information and communication technologies (ICT) in primary education from the aspect of safety and child protection will be investigated. In the 21st century, access to the Internet is increasing, and children of elementary school age are entering online communication earlier and earlier. Children are becoming active users of social networks and digital platforms, which have been expanding for years. However, the results indicate that the use of ICT, although an important educational resource, may pose risks to children's safety and privacy, including exposure to unverified content, cyber threats, and inappropriate use of digital devices. A large number of cases of violence on the Internet with tragic outcomes have led to the fact that today the European Union is considering banning children from accessing social networks. In this paper, we highlight the important roles of parents and educational institutions in protecting the safety of elementary school-age children online. The empirical part of the work consists of empirical research of a quantitative nature, which I conducted using an online questionnaire based on the experience gained from long-term work on the prevention of violence on the Internet within the program of the Institute for the Advancement of Education of the Republic of Serbia, "Safety of Children on the Internet". In this context, the qualitative research collected and evolved the attitudes and experiences of students, teachers, and parents about the challenges and potential risks that digital technologies bring to children in the educational environment from the aspect of child safety. Research indicates that continuous education and information of parents, teachers, and children in primary education is a safe way to prevent and protect the digital safety of children in a virtual environment. Children in primary education have certain skills in using smart devices; however, research shows that children mostly ignore basic safety rules, and thus make it easier for online predators and bullies.
ART-HISTORICAL APPROACHES IN CONTEMPORARY MEDIA AND MARKETING: A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY
The paper examines the relevance of art-historical analytical procedures for interpreting contemporary visual communication in media and marketing. Building on theoretical foundations from visual studies, the research introduces the Art-Historical Analytical Model (AHAM)—a methodological framework developed specifically for this study. AHAM systematises four interpretative levels traditionally used in art-historical analysis: formal, iconographic, iconological, and contextual interpretation. The model is applied and empirically tested through a comparative case study to determine its analytical potential for understanding contemporary visual identities systems.The case sample includes six visual systems: three global branding strategies (Gucci under Alessandro Michele, Louis Vuitton’s artist collaborations, and Absolut Vodka’s art-based branding) and three regional cultural actors (Museum of Contemporary Art Belgrade, Gallery of Matica Srpska, and the EXIT Festival). The results demonstrate that AHAM enables precise identification of stylistic structures, symbolic codes, and cultural references across both global and local contexts. The iconological and contextual layers, informed by visual studies, reveal how images function as cultural agents embedded in networks of visibility, circulation, and power.The study concludes that AHAM offers a coherent and adaptable analytical framework that enhances interpretative depth and cultural understanding in contemporary media and marketing. As a newly introduced model, AHAM shows promising potential for further theoretical refinement and wider application within visual studies, branding research, and cultural analysis.
LEXICAL TRANSFER IN L3 CHINESE: A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF COLLOCATIONAL ERRORS AMONG SERBIAN-SPEAKING LEARNERS
This paper investigates lexical transfer in L3 Chinese through a qualitative analysis of collocational errors produced by Serbian-speaking learners. The study focuses on how cross-linguistic influence shapes learners’ use of Chinese collocations and how conceptual patterns from the first and second language, as well as dictionary-mediated lexical choices, lead to semantically deviant combinations. A corpus of learner collocations, gathered from written production across several HSK proficiency levels, was compiled and manually annotated. Each erroneous collocation was analysed in terms of presumed source expression in Serbian or English, and type of transfer involved. The analysis identifies two major groups of errors: (1) conceptual transfer from Serbian or English and (2) errors driven by “false synonyms”, where near-synonymous items treated as equivalent in dictionaries and English-based materials are not interchangeable in Chinese. The results indicate that collocational competence in Chinese as a third language is strongly constrained by L1 and L2 conceptualisation, the mediating role of English, bilingual lexicographic practices and structural properties of Chinese, rather than by overall proficiency alone. The study concludes that teaching materials and dictionaries for Serbian speaking learners of Chinese should be designed to highlight collocations rather than isolated words, systematically contrast Serbian, English and Chinese ways of expressing high-frequency concepts, and make subtle semantic and collocational differences between near-synonymous items explicit. As additional data, the study offers a qualitatively annotated set of learner collocations, their reconstructed Serbian and English source expressions and their target equivalents in Chinese, which can be used as a resource for further research and for the development of classroom activities focusing on collocational awareness.
(UN) EQUAL POSITION OF BUSINESS ENTITIES IN PRACTICE – THE CASE OF SERBIA
Business entities in the Republic of Serbia are, by law, granted equal position, whether the business activity is conducted individually or collectively. Since the major reform of company legislation in 2004, there has been a significant increase in the number of newly established business entities, both entrepreneurs and companies. However, only a few years later, legislative changes placed entrepreneurs at a disadvantage compared to business companies. Moreover, small companies in practice face numerous challenges, due to which many of them cease operations and are removed from the business register. Although the conditions for establishing a business are relatively simple, access to sources of financing is quite limited. As a consequence, in many businesses, the personal assets of the owner of capital are confused with business assets. Besides that, bankruptcy and enforcement laws, in particular, fail to ensure equal treatment of business entities. As a final outcome, there is a high level of illiquidity among small businesses and an increased number of bankruptcies and liquidations. Therefore, it is necessary to consider legal instruments that would restore the balance between business entities established by the constitution and laws, but disrupted in practice. The aim of this paper is to highlight the need to restore equal treatment of all business entities in the Republic of Serbia — during establishment, operation, and voluntary or compulsory liquidation — through a fair and balanced legal framework. It will also propose possible legal solutions adapted to modern market trends and the harmonization of legislation with the EU acquis. The analysis employs normative, logical, comparative, and statistical methods.
INNOVATION PERFORMANCE OF SERBIA: EVIDENCE FROM THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX
This paper examines Serbia’s innovation performance during the period 2021–2025 using the Global Innovation Index (GII) framework, with particular emphasis on the dynamics between innovation inputs and outputs and their interaction. The study applies a quantitative approach based on secondary data analysis. Empirical data are drawn from annual GII reports published by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The analysis focuses on sub-index values rather than ranking positions in order to capture changes over time and evaluate the efficiency of input-output transformation. The findings reveal a consistent positive trajectory between 2021 and 2024 across both sub-indices. However, a structural break is observed in 2025, marked by a significant decline in innovation inputs, particularly in pillars Business sophistication, Market sophistication, and Institutions. A simultaneous decrease in innovation outputs - most notably in Knowledge and technology outputs - indicates a reduced capacity to effectively convert innovation inputs into measurable outcomes. The results suggest the presence of structural imbalances within Serbia’s innovation system, primarily associated with institutional instability, market constraints, and financing limitations rather than deficiencies in human capital or research intensity. The decline in 2025 highlights the sensitivity of emerging innovation systems to fluctuations in key enabling conditions. The paper emphasizes the importance of improving institutional quality, strengthening market mechanisms, and diversifying innovation financing structures in order to enhance long-term systemic resilience and sustainable innovation growth. By providing a five-year input-output assessment in an upper-middle-income economy, this study offers empirical insight into recent innovation trends and systemic dynamics.
CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING BALANCED SCORECARD IN THE SUDANESE ISLAMIC BANKS
The origin of modern Islamic banks back dates to the 1960s in Egypt, where Mit Ghamr saving bank pioneered Sharia compliant financing replacing interest with Islamic formulas and mechanisms, then it subsequently spread to other Arab countries, including Sudan. Sudan’s banking sector has indeed adopted Islamic banking principles in all its transactions, This happened over several stages due to political and religious factors that preceded the secession of South Sudan in 2011. After secession of south Sudan, all banking activities in the Sudan are conducted in accordance with Sharia law (Islamic law). Consistent with prior research on modern management accounting methods in Islamic banks, this study evaluates the implementation of Balance Score Card (BSC) in Sudanese banks, through identifying the challenges of implementing (BSC) from the a perspective of banks’ employees. The researcher is likely to choose the descriptive research method because it helps to capture the current state of affairs, allowing the researcher to describe what exists and identify patterns or trends. In order to answer the research question, the selection of secondary data was biased on relevant, accessibility, and availability of systematically organized datasets suitable for the study, a questionnaire was designed and distributed to 10 branches for different banks working in Gadarif state located in Eastern Sudan, which were selected from about 35 branches for different banks working in the state, the selection was based on practical experience and the existence of relevant well-organized data for the study. Meanwhile, there are 10 employees were chosen randomly from any bank. Accordingly, 100 questionnaires were distributed to 100 employees, 93 valid questionnaires were retrieved for analysis. The study identifies 18 key challenges in implementation BSC in Islamic banks in Sudan. The highlighted challenges may include: Ineffective binding between the dimensions limits the cards’ effectiveness in directing organizational behavior toward achieving the strategy, Excessive number of indicators lead to difficulty in analysis, Weak information systems lead to poor formulation of metrics’ indicators, Employee resistance to change makes it difficult to implement the BSC, The difficulty of continuously evaluating the performance of non-financial indicators hinders the implementation of the BSC, The implementation of the BSC requires the exhaustion of additional financial resources, and Failure to link evaluation to rewards and motivation renders the BSC ineffective as a management tool. Finally the study suggested some recommendations such as: The banks can prioritize the challenges based on their impact and develop strategies to address them, this could involve allocating resources providing training and improving infrastructure to support BSC implementation. On the other hand, regulatory bodies can provide guidance and support to Sudanese Islamic banks to help them overcome the challenges and implement BSC effectively.
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CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AS A DETERMINANT OF BUSINESS PERFORMANCE IN HOTEL ENTERPRISES
It is clear that in the future, hotel enterprises will rely on the development of artificial intelligence, new technologies, and knowledge. However, hotel industry strategies cannot be viewed in isolation from consumer satisfaction as service users and its impact on business performance and the competitive position of enterprises. The purpose of this paper is to determine the direction of the relationship between two variables: service user satisfaction and the business performance of hotel enterprises. A descriptive empirical study was conducted based on a sample of respondents using the statistical program SPSS 20. From the perspective of research direction, the results indicate that financial goals and financial performance in the hospitality industry are necessarily conditioned by other limiting factors that do not necessarily have financial characteristics. In terms of the thematic area of this study, it presents a new approach to marketing relationships with consumers, emphasizing consumer satisfaction as a fundamental determinant in the hotel industry. In this context, it is necessary to examine the interdependence and connection between these factors, as well as their impact on the sustainable growth and development of the hotel industry. The hypothesis is thus confirmed: on one hand, the quality of the offer package should be considered in terms of ensuring service user satisfaction, and on the other, satisfaction represents a crucial determinant of the business performance of hotel enterprises. Based on empirical research, key variables influencing guest satisfaction have been identified. The value of the results obtained in this study lies in the fact that they can serve as a basis for designing and implementing explicitly defined actions, making important management decisions, and formulating strategies to enhance service user satisfaction. This type of marketing relationship with consumers, as service users, in return ensures long-term profitability for hotel enterprises.
ECONOMIC ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF PROPERTY TAX
When considering arguments that speak in favour of the existence of property tax, one should not lose sight of the fact that property tax is, primarily, a fiscal instrument providing an influx of significant funds to budgets of local self-governments, therefore being of great importance in the context of fiscal decentralisation. Even though the fiscal function of property tax is a priority, we should not disregard its other functions: economic, social, political, administrative-technical, and other. This paper aims to make a detailed analysis of economic arguments that speak in favour of levying tax on property, as well as to point to solutions that can contribute to or hinder the fulfilment of tax property’s economic function. The research has shown that economic arguments speaking in favour of property tax primarily come down to the fact that property tax is, in comparison to other types of tax, less distortive and can encourage the productive use of real estate. However, the research has shown that in practice favourable performance of property tax is often lacking at the economic level. This commonly happens due to the tax policy creators envisioning various measures that aim to temper the unpopularity of property tax with taxpayers. Tax base that is not market value and tax reliefs for owner-occupied housing are the best confirmation of this phenomenon. Namely, setting non-fiscal, especially social goals is common for all countries, regardless of level of their development. The paper also assesses to what extent property tax in Serbia achieves its economic functions, and in that regard formulates appropriate de lege ferenda proposals. The author believes that the more realistic valuation of the tax base and subjecting second homes to higher tax rates would contribute to more efficient use of real estate.
ACCOUNTING SHENANINGANS - CAUSES OF THEIR OCCURENCE AND METHODS OF DETECTION
The definition and adoption of accounting rules and procedures (general theories of accounting) whose acceptability would be universal (general), resulted in the involvement of the two most important accounting associations (International Accounting Standards Board - IASB and Financial Accounting Standards Board - FASB), as well as other interested individuals and associations, in the preparation and adoption of the so-called international professional accounting regulations (standards and/or GAAP) that would achieve this. However, the long-term work on developing standards did not result in the definition of unique rules and procedures for the bookkeeping treatment of all changes in the asset-financial and return position of accounting entities and the compilation of a set of financial reports. Namely, during the development of the standard, it was concluded that in certain situations prescribing only one procedure harms the quality of the standard, and alternative procedures are allowed for certain situations, which allow accountants to make subjective decisions, but also a certain degree of arbitrariness in their choice. The (un)ethical application of the basic or alternative procedure may result in the presentation of the desired asset-financial and return position of the accounting entity, which may deviate to a greater or lesser extent from what could be called true and fair. Such accounting is called creative (aggressive, manipulative), even illegal accounting, although in most cases it does not result in a mandatory violation of legal norms and/or accounting rules and procedures. The common understanding that the methods and techniques of creative accounting are in most cases used for manipulative purposes, resulted in the finding of adequate models, developed primarily by forensic accountants, which would limit its (mis)use and reveal "accounting shenanigans" in financial reports. The term "shenanigans" was first used by Howard Schilit, an international leader in detecting early warning signs of accounting fraud and corporate mismanagement. Beneish's M score model is one of the most commonly cited and tested models that can be used to assess with reasonable certainty whether the analyzed financial statements are true and fair, or they were compiled using basic and/or alternative procedures that aim to show the property-financial and return position that may or may not deviate from the actual one. We supported our presentations by analyzing the financial reports of several companies from the Manufacturing Industry sector in the Republic of Serbia, both those that showed a significant increase in net profit and those that showed a loss in the observed year 2023.
MODERATING EFFECTS OF SHIFT SCHEDULES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIRCADIAN RHYTHM AND JOB SATISFACTION
This study explores the relationship between circadian rhythm and job satisfaction among shift workers, emphasizing the moderating role of shift type (fixed vs. rotating shifts). A sample of 258 employees, categorized by their circadian preferences as morning or evening types, participated in self-reported surveys conducted during working hours to ensure anonymity and voluntary participation. Regression analyses were used to assess the influence of circadian rhythm on job satisfaction across various shift schedules. The findings reveal a significant link between circadian rhythm and job satisfaction, with circadian preferences emerging as a strong predictor of job satisfaction levels. Morning-oriented workers assigned to fixed morning shifts reported higher job satisfaction (β = 0.550, p < 0.001) than those with misaligned shifts. In contrast, evening-oriented workers on morning shifts displayed lower levels of job satisfaction. These results underscore the importance of aligning shift schedules with workers' natural circadian rhythms to promote well-being. Further moderation analysis indicated that the effect of circadian rhythm on job satisfaction was more pronounced for workers on fixed shifts (β = 0.135, p = 0.000) than for those on rotating shifts (β = 0.046, p = 0.021), with a significant z-score of -2.852, further confirming the moderating influence of shift type. This highlights the critical role of shift type in shaping the relationship between circadian rhythm and job satisfaction. Theoretical significance lies in expanding our understanding of how circadian rhythms influence job satisfaction across different shift patterns. These insights are particularly valuable to the field of occupational psychology, as they suggest that workers with misaligned circadian rhythms are more likely to experience lower job satisfaction compared to those working fixed daytime shifts. The findings of this study offer practical implications for work organization, occupational safety planning, and the education of shift workers. They also serve as a resource for selecting and recruiting employees for various shift schedules, aiming to enhance both their well-being and job satisfaction.