Retraction policy

There are certain legal restrictions that the publisher, copyright holder, or author(s) must adhere to. Violations of professional ethical codes, such as multiple submissions, false claims of authorship, plagiarism, fraudulent use of data, or any significant misconduct, necessitate the retraction of an article.

In some cases, a retraction is necessary to address multiple serious errors that cannot be adequately addressed through corrections. The decision to retract an article can be made by the Editor-in-Chief, the Editorial Board, the author(s), or through mutual agreement between the parties involved.

The retraction is published as a distinct item in the journal's content and is clearly labeled as "Retraction". The original article remains unchanged, except for the addition of a watermark on the PDF indicating on each page that it has been "retracted".