NONDISCRIMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE CASE OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Laureta Alili

doi:10.35120/sciencej0203165a

Authors

Laureta Alili Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia; Republic of North Macedonia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203165a

Keywords:

non-discrimination, legal framework

Abstract

Discrimination is considered any unjustifiable difference or non-equal treatment - exclusion, limitation or advantage directed against certain individuals or groups, as well as family members or other persons closely related to them, whether openly or covertly, on the basis gender, skin color, nationality, ancestry, national or ethnic origin, language, religious or political beliefs, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, property status or other factors.
The purpose of non-discrimination legislation is to give everyone an equitable chance to take advantage of opportunities that are available in a society. This paper aims to explore the application of non-discrimination in international law within the context of the Republic of North Macedonia. The Republic of North Macedonia (RNM) is discussed in the paper as an example of how the idea has been used domestically. The purpose of this study is to construct a framework for the idea of non-discrimination and to bridge disparate conceptions of it to establish a range of contexts. The principles of equality and non-discrimination as part of rule of law and the paper’s specific objectives include identifying non-discrimination law organizations, the background of various statutes, and other facets of this law like The Republic of North Macedonia’s legal system and policy.
The purpose of this study will be to examine the non-discrimination in international law, specifically within the context of North Macedonia, which serves the broader purpose of promoting human rights, equality, and social justice within the country and providing valuable insights for similar efforts globally. It helps assess the state’s commitment to upholding non-discrimination principles and identifies areas for improvement to ensure that the rights of all individuals are protected and respected.
As a conclusion, we will reaffirm a few of the recommendations given in order to encourage the Republic of North Macedonia’s dedication to equality and non-discrimination.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Angeleski, S. (2004) “Zastita na osnovite covekovi prava vo Evropska Unija,kon edinstev Evropski sudski system na zashita”, Skopje p.36

AP, 2200 A (XXI) from 16 December 1966 entered into force on 23 Mrch 1976, under to the provision of Artile 9.

AP, 2200 A (XXI) from December 16.1966. The ICCPR entered into force on23 March 1976 under to the provisions of Article 49, while PNDESK entered into force on 3Jnuary 1976 under to the provisions of Article 27. Articles 2,5 and 10 of of Convention.

Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Co.case, ICJ Reports,1970 p.33-34 and Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law, Oxford ,1979.p.596-598

Buergenthal. B. (1998). ”Medunarodna ljudska prava” (u sazetom obliku)Sarajev, p38.

Bugental, T. (1997). “Medunarodska ljudska prava “, Beograd, p.29-43

C-409-95 Marchall v. Land Nordhein Westfalen 1997 ECR 1-6363, C-407-98 Abrahamason Fogelqvist 2000, Henry G.Schermers, Denis F.Wealbrock , Judicial protection in the Euroean Union London/New York 2001 p.93-94.

Case 1/58 Strokv. Hight Authority 1959 ERC 17, Cases 36,37,38 40/59 Geitiling v.High Authority 1960 ERC 423 Case 40/64 Segarlata and others v. Commission 1965 ERC 215 1966 CMLR 314.

Case 11/70 Internacionale Hndelsgeslschaft v. Einfuhr und Varratselle fur Getreide und Futtermitte (1970). ECR 1125.

Case 11/70 Internationale Hnadelseschaft v. Einfuhr und Vorratsele fur Getreide und Futtermitte 1970 ECR 1125

Case 29/69 Stauder v. City of Ulm 1969 ERC 419.

Case 4/73 Nold v. the Commission 1974 ECR 491 p.13

CCPR, General Comment No18 Nondiscrimination from 10.11.1989.

CEDAW General Recommendation No 19 1992 p.11 (UN Doc A/47/38)

CEDR has been approved by Rezulate AP 2106 A (XX) on December 1965, which entered into force on 4January 1969 under the provisions of Article 19 of the Convention.

CERD 34/180 on 18 December 1979 while it has come into force 3 September 1981, article 27(1).

CERD Communication No 10/1997 Ziad ben Ahmed Habassi v. Denmark p.93 (CRED /C/54/D/10/1997)

CERD General Recommendation XX 1996 which has to do with te non-discriminatory implementation of rights and freedoms p.5 (UN/Doc.4/51/18)

CERD, Communication no 8/1996 B.M.S.v. (CERD /C/54/D/8/1996)

CERD, General Recomendation XXIV the year 1990 has to do with Reports on persons belonging to different racial groups ,national ethnic or special needs groups p.2and 3 (UN Doc A/54/18 Annex V)

CERD, General Recommendation No XIV on 1993 article 1.1 of Convents, p.2(UN Doc A/48/18).

CERD, General Recommendation VIII the year 1990 has to do with identification with any racial or ethnic group (UN Doc A/45/18)

CESCR General Comment no 5 from 09.12.1994 Doc.E/1995/22 p.11

CESCR General Comment no.3 from14.12.1990, Doc E/1995/22

CESCR General Comment no5 p.9

CJR Dugard (1966) “The legal effect of United Nations Resolutions on Apartheid” South Africa Law Journal, p.44,53

Compared to Article 1 of the Internatioal Convention on the Elimination of all forms of rcial discrimination (CERD) discrimination is defunct.

Council Directive 2000/78 EC of 27 november 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation, article 2.2 303/16

CRED General Recommendation XI from 1993 p.1 (UN Doc A/46/18)

CREDAW General Recommendation No 5 1988 (UN/doc. A/43/38)

Danning V. the Netherlands, Communication No180/1984 p.14

Defrene v. Sabena (III) Case 149/77 1978 para 26-27

Dimitijeviq, V. (1997) “Ljudska Prava” , Beograd , p.364-365

Dr Enderby v. Frenchay Helath Autgority and Secreatary of State of Health 127/92 ECR 1993

E.Dankwa, Working paper on Article 2(3) of “The international Covenant on Economic ,Social and Cultural Rights “Quarterly v.9 . 1987 p.230-249

Equal Treatment Directiv (EEC) 76/207 23.09.2002.

Equality and non-discrimination Annual report 2004, European Comission, may 2004 p.15-16.

Explanatory Report. para.26 The Netherland, Judgement of 26.03.1985, Series A, no.91.

F.H.Zwaan-de Vries v the Netherland ,Communication No 182/1984 16Apill 1987 CCPR/C/29/D/182/1984

F.H.Zwaan-de Vries v the Netherlands , Communication No 182/184 p.14

Filterman, Cees and Henderson, Catherrine. 31 December 1997 UN Doc. ST/LEG/SER/E/16 p. 172,174-175

Evans, G. (1974). “Benign Discrimination and the right to equality” , 6 Fed , Law Review , p.26

Gueye et al. V France Communication No 196/1985 ,Raport of the human rights committee UNdos. A/44/40 p.189-195.

Steiner, H.J., Alston, P., International Human Rights in Context,1996 p.907, Robertson, A.H. Human Rights in the world , 1996 p.101 and Lj.D.Frckoski p.113.

Vas, H.S. (1989) the Netherlands ,Communication No 218/1986 CCPR/C/35/D/218/1986/Rev1 from 2Maj .

Human rights committee, General Comment 1/ 1989 p.10

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No18 (Non-discrimnaion) from9 Noveber 1989, UN Doc. CCPR/21/REV .1/ADD1. P.13

Human Rights –internationlas acts summary Tirane ,1993 p.139-146

Frostel, K. (1999) “Gender Difference and the non-diskrimination” principle I the CCPR and the CEDAW, p.45-48

Boyle, K., Baldaccini, A., A critical Evaluation of International Human Rights Approaches to Racism, in Sandra FREDMAN (ed.), Discrimination and human rights: the case of racism , 2001, XI/1, 135-191, Collected courses of the Academy of European LawCollected Courses of the Academy of European Law, [AEL] - https://hdl.handle.net/1814/2945

Henkin, L. (1981) “The international Bill of Rights”, New York p. 249.

Law on Election of Disputes in the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia” Official Gazette of RM” n 4205 Article 34 paragraph 3.

Law on Employment Relations “Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia “no 62/05 of 28.07.2005.

Law on the Ombudsman of RM “Offiial Gazzete of the Republic of Macedonia “no 60/03 of 22.09.2003 Article 2.

Frckoski, Lj. D. (2001) “Medunarodna parvo za pravata na covekot” Skopje, p.90-91.

Warwick, M., (1983) “Equality and discrimination under international law”, OUP, New York , p.4

Aleksandar, P. (1977) ,”Rasna diskriminacija i medunarodna pravo “,Sarajevo, p.50

Presidency conclusions, Cologne European Coincil ,3-4 june1999 Annex IV EU Bull 6-1999

Vukadinovic, R. (1996) ”Pravo Evropske Unije”, Beograd, p.43

Racic, O. (1998) “Ljudska Prava, Pet decenija od usvajanja Opste Deklaracija o Pravima Coveka”, Beograd, p.7-10.

Nehemiah, R., (1958)”Universlal Declaration of Human rights”, New York, p.104

Cholewinski, R. (1991) “The racial Convention and the Protection of Cuktural and Lingustic Ethnic Minorities”, Rev. de Droit International 69,1991.

Georgievski, S. (1999) “Primenata a Madunarodna parvo vo ustaviniot poredok na Repubika Makedonija ,zbornik vo cest na evgenij Dimitrov “, Skopje p.481-502.

Sorensen, M. (1956). ”The quest of equality“ in International Conciliation, no.507, p.302-307.

Thornbery, P. (1991), “International law and the Rights of Minorities”, Oxford p.281

UN doc.A/64/Add.1.p.69.

UN doc.A/C1 & 6/1 str.4

UN Doc.E.CN.4/52 more in the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights Common Approach Standards” –published by Asbjorn Eide and Gudumundur Alfredson , The Hague 1999 p. 80-82.